Plant growth regulators are used to regulate plant growth and development. They are kinds of compounds synthesized by human beings for regulating plant growth and weeding. They are also used in vitro culture of plant organs or cells. These include synthetic compounds with similar effects to natural, plant hormones and natural plant hormones derived from living organisms. It Contains: Sodium nitrophenolate, DA-6 ,GA3,NAA ,IBA , GA3,GA4+7,IBA ,IAA ,6-BA,Brassinolide, kinetin,NAA,CPPU/KT-30,Zeatin ,Atonic,DA-6 ,BNOA ,NAD and so on.
Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are chemicals used to modify plant growth such as increasing branching, suppressing shoot growth, increasing return bloom, removing excess fruit, or altering fruit maturity. Numerous factors affect PGR performance including how well the chemical is absorbed by the plant, tree vigour and age, dose, timing, cultivar, and weather conditions before, during, and after application.Plant growth regulators can be grouped into five classes: compounds related to auxins, gibberellins and inhibitors of gibberellin biosynthesis, cytokinins, abscisic acid and compounds affecting the ethylene status.
Enhanced plant growth:Plant growth regulator can stimulate and regulate various physiological processes in plants, leading to increased growth and development. They promote cell division, elongation, and differentiation, resulting in improved overall plant growth and development.
Increased yield:Plant growth regulator can positively influence reproductive processes in plants, such as flowering, fruit set, and seed development. By applying pgrs at the appropriate stages, farmers can enhance crop yield by improving pollination, fruit retention, and seed formation.
Improved stress tolerance:Plant growth regulator can help plants withstand and recover from various environmental stresses, including drought, heat, cold, salinity, and disease. They enhance the plant’s ability to tolerate adverse conditions by regulating stress-responsive genes, promoting root growth, and maintaining hormonal balance.
Uniform crop maturity:Plant growth regulator can synchronise the maturity of crops, ensuring uniformity in harvest timing. This can be advantageous for mechanised harvesting, reducing losses and maximising efficiency during the harvest season.
Regulation of plant height:Plant growth regulator can control excessive stem elongation and prevent lodging (falling over) in tall-growing crops. By reducing plant height, pgrs make the plant more compact and sturdier, improving resistance to lodging and facilitating easier crop management.
Enhanced nutrient uptake:Plant growth regulator can improve nutrient uptake efficiency in plants, leading to better utilisation of fertilisers. They stimulate root development, increase nutrient absorption, and enhance nutrient translocation within the plant, resulting in improved nutrient use efficiency.
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There are five groups of plant-growth-regulating compounds: auxin, gibberellin (GA), cytokinin, ethylene, and abscisic acid (ABA). For the most part, each group contains both naturally occurring hormones and synthetic substances.
Auxin
Auxin causes several responses in plants
Bending toward a light source (phototropism).
Downward root growth in response to gravity (geotropism).
Promotion of apical dominance (the tendency of an apical bud to produce hormones that suppress the growth of the buds below it on the stem).
Flower formation.
Fruit set and growth.
Formation of adventitious roots.
Auxin is the active ingredient in most rooting compounds in which cuttings are dipped during vegetative propagation.
Gibberellins
Gibberellins stimulate cell division and elongation, break seed dormancy, and speed germination. The seeds of some species are difficult to germinate; you can soak them in a GA solution to get them started.
Cytokinins
Unlike other hormones, cytokinins are found in both plants and animals. They stimulate cell division and often are included in the sterile media used for growing plants from tissue culture. If a medium's mix of growth-regulating compounds is high in cytokinins and low in auxin, the tissue culture explant (small plant part) will produce numerous shoots. On the other hand, if the mix has a high ratio of auxin to cytokinin, the explant will produce more roots. Cytokinins also are used to delay aging and death (senescence).
Ethylene
Ethylene is unique in that it is found only in the gaseous form. It induces ripening, causes leaves to droop (epinasty) and drop (abscission), and promotes senescence. Plants often increase ethylene production in response to stress, and ethylene often is found in high concentrations within cells at the end of a plant's life. The increased ethylene in leaf tissue in the fall is part of the reason leaves fall off trees. Ethylene also is used to ripen fruit (e.g., green bananas).
Abscisic acid
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a general plant-growth inhibitor. It induces dormancy and prevents seeds from germinating; causes abscission of leaves, fruits, and flowers; and causes stomata to close. High concentrations of ABA in guard cells during periods of drought stress probably play a role in stomatal closure.
Improving fruit shape
Promalin and Perlan (a combination of 6-Benzyladenine and Gibberellins A4A7) are plant growth regulators used to improve the shape of apples through elongation and development of more prominent calyx lobes on apples that have a natural typiness like Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, Ambrosia and Gala.
Application:
For optimum results, the first application of Promalin or Perlan should be applied between early king bloom and early petal fall. Applications earlier or later are likely to produce unsatisfactory response.
For Promalin, apply a single application of 1.2-2.3 L/ha. Alternatively, if a prolonged bloom occurs, apply two split applications of 0.6-1.2 L/ha, first one between early king bloom to early petal fall to side blooms and the second application to follow 3-21 days later (or when the rest of the canopy is in bloom).
For Perlan, apply a single application of 1.2-2.3 L/ha. If a prolonged bloom occurs, apply 1.2 L/ha first and reapply 5-7 days later.
High relative humidity and slow drying conditions favour maximum absorption. It is preferable to apply in the morning or evening.
Optimal temperatures for application are between 24-32℃.
Precautions: If Promalin or Perlan are applied at higher rates or volumes than those recommended on the label or where blooms are weak or frost-injured, fruit thinning may occur. Promalin or Perlan use may also increase the amount of thinning achieved with subsequent blossom thinning sprays. Apples may not respond to Promalin or Perlan if spur vigour is low or the king blossoms have been damaged by frost. Do not apply Promalin or Perlan if rain is expected within 6 hours. Do not apply when air temperatures are lower than 24℃ or greater than 32℃.
Improving Fruit Size
Fruit size can be improved by thinning apples to a desirable crop load through chemical fruitlet thinning and/or hand thinning. The biggest factor for improving fruit size would be early thinning, more information on thinning can be found on the Thinning of Tree Fruit webpage. There are also the following products that can be used additional to thinning fruit to improve fruit size
MaxCel or Cilis Plus (1.9% or 2.0%, respectively, 6-benzyladenine(6-BA)) improves fruit size by increasing cell division shortly after flowering in the early stages of fruit growth and development.
Application:
Make 2-4 applications at 10-50 ppm, beginning at petal fall and repeating every 3-10 days. Apply in a spray volume to get complete coverage of leaves and fruit (ie. 1000 L/ha)
Fruit thinning may occur in some easy-to-thin cultivars and/or if conditions are favourable for thinning. For more information on cultivar specific notes and weather conditions favourable for thinning see the Thinning of Tree Fruit webpage.
Best results are obtained when maximum temperatures are above 18℃on the day of application and the 2-3 days after application. Avoid spraying when temperatures are above 30℃
Do not exceed 446 g of 6-BA (22.5 L of MaxCel, 21.3 L of Cilis Plus) per ha for all uses of 6-BA in a growing season.
Do not apply within 86 days of harvest with MaxCel and within 28 days of harvest with Cilis Plus.
Reduce russeting in apples
Russeting can occur on susceptible varieties during cool, wet or humid weather at bloom and early stages of fruit development. Promalin can reduce russeting by increasing the epidermal cell density in the skin. Promalin cannot reduce russeting caused by frost damage, disease, herbicide drift, or phytotoxicity.
Application:
Apply 250-500 mL/ha of Promalin at 7-12 day intervals for a maximum of 4 applications beginning at full bloom to petal fall.
During conditions that favour russet development (long cold and wet periods during bloom) apply Promalin in shorter intervals and at the higher rate.
Apply during periods of slow drying conditions to maximize efficacy.
Precautions: Do not apply Promalin when air temperatures are below freezing or greater than 32℃. Rainfall or overhead irrigation within 6 hours after application will often reduce the activity of Promalin. A pH range between 7.0 and 8.5 will provide optimum results.
Regulating shoot growth. Most PGRs used in the greenhouse or nursery are used to regulate shoot growth of containerized crops. These PGRs are referred to as “growth retardants” Typical growth retardants are ancymidol, daminozide, chlormequat chloride, flurprimidol, paclobutrazol, and uniconazole. Now that most of the PGR chemistries are off-patent, there are several options available. These PGRs control plant height by inhibiting the production of gibberellins, the primary plant hormones responsible for cell elongation. Therefore, these growth-retardant effects are primarily seen in stem, petiole, and flower stalk tissues. Lesser effects are seen in reductions of leaf expansion, resulting in thicker leaves with a darker green color. Other benefits of using these PGRs in plant production include improved plant appearance by maintaining plant size and shape in proportion with the pot and increased shipping capacity with the smaller plants.
Plant growth retardants also increase the tolerance of plants to the stresses of shipping and handling, as well as retail marketing, thereby improving shelf life and extending plant marketability. Remember, growth retardants do not reduce plant size. They limit the plant’s growth rate. You must apply the growth retardant prior to the “stretch” Look for recommendations on the PGR label for time of application.
On pinched plants, it is after the new shoots are visible and starting to elongate. This is where the art of plant growth regulation is most important. You must learn how your crop grows and when to intervene to obtain the desired results.
Many growers use multiple applications of growth retardants to better control plant growth. A single application at a high rate early in the plant production cycle may be excessive if growing conditions are not as good as expected. An early application at a lower rate provides more flexibility, but the tradeoff is the additional labor involved with a second application if it becomes necessary. Some growers improve crop uniformity by using multiple applications of lower rates to affect small corrections in plant growth.
Be aware that excessive rates of many of these PGRs can cause persistent growth control in the flat or even in the landscape. It is always a good idea to evaluate the long-term effects of your treatments by growing some out for yourself and talking with your customers.
Be careful to avoid late applications, especially of paclobutrazol or uniconazole, because they may delay flower opening on bedding plants. However, drench applications of paclobutrazol have provided excellent control of poinsettia height very late in the production cycle without causing the reduction in bract size accompanying late spray applications.
Enhancing lateral branching. Another group of PGRs used in floricultural crops are those that enhance branching, including ethephon, benzyladenine, dikegulac sodium, and methyl esters. These PGRs are frequently called chemical pinchers because they generally inhibit the growth of the terminal shoots or enhance the growth of lateral buds, thereby increasing the development of lateral branches. They can be used to replace mechanical pinching of many crops like Vinca vine, Verbena, Lantana, and English ivy (Hedera).
Plant flowering. Plant growth regulators can be used to enhance flowering.To improve flowering, the growth promoter gibberellic acid (GA3) can be used to substitute for all or part of the chilling requirement of some woody and herbaceous ornamentals typically forced in the greenhouse, including azalea for florist crops and Aster for cut flowers. These compounds also can improve flowering and/or bloom size of camellia and baby’s breath (Gypsophila), promote earlier flowering and an increased yield of statice (Limonium) and induce flowering of Spathiphyllum. Gibberellic acid is also used to promote growth and increase stem length of other cut flowers like stock (Matthiola), Delphinium, and ‘Sweet William’ (Dianthus). See product labels for specific uses and recommended rates. Again, timing is critical, because late applications or excessive rates may cause excessive plant stretching, resulting in weak, spindly stems. Chlormequat chloride (a plant growth retardant) used to control stem height of hibiscus and geranium also improves early flowering of these crops.
Removal of flowers. Flower removal is especially desirable for stock plants maintained for cuttings of vegetatively propagated ornamentals, like Verbena or Lantana. Ethephon is the primary compound used for flower removal. Once ethephon is absorbed by the plant, it is converted to gaseous ethylene a natural plant hormone effective in many plant processes. Ethylene is the primary hormone responsible for flower senescence and fruit ripening. It is the “postharvest” hormone.
Always follow the label instructions carefully, as overuse or misuse can negatively affect plants.
Use the right type and amount of plant growth regulator, depending on the plant species, growth stage and desired outcome.
Apply the regulator at the right time of day and weather conditions, ensuring maximum uptake and efficacy.
Store the regulators properly—away from heat, light and moisture—to maintain their quality and potency.
Fun Facts about Plant Growth Regulators
Gibberellin is used in the cultivation of fruits to help unfertilised fruits such as pears and apples to mature fully.
The concentration of Cytokinins is highest in the youngest part of the plant.
Supplying Cytokinins results in faster flower formation.
Apart from being responsible for the ripening of fruits, ethylene causes leaves to shed.
Accumulation of ethylene around roots can lead to leaf chlorosis, stem thickening and leaves bending towards the stem. This makes plants more susceptible to diseases.
Abscisic acid is responsible for the closing of stomata during water stress.
Flowering in plants can be manipulated with the help of a plant growth regulator named florigen.
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